I was asked recently to look at the security of the PhoneFactor 2-factor authentication solution. If you don't know what it is, then you can find out more here, but essentially you enter your username and password, then they phone you on your pre-defined number and press the # key to validate the authentication. The problem with just pressing the # key is obvious, but they allow you to configure entering a PIN number rather than just pressing the # key. To my mind, there should be no other option than having to type in the PIN number. However, this isn't necessarily a brilliant idea. As I've said before in this blog, a lot of phones log the digits dialled, in which case that PIN isn't secure.
I was also told that the PSTN and GSM networks are secure, so this is a good solution. I'm not sure I agree that PSTN and GSM networks have good security. Analogue PSTN is easy to listen in to with proximity and GSM can theoretically be cracked, and probably will be within 6 to 12 months. So that PIN number isn't really secure. Plus there is the cloned SIM card problem as well.
http://www.mobileindustryreview.com/2009/08/gsm-encryption-can-be-cracked-for-500.html
Having said that, PhoneFactor looks quite good as you enter the PIN on the phone line, not the login dialogue. The problem that Bruce Schneier has referred to is that of a Man-in-the-Middle attack. Most 2-factor authentication methods are susceptible to a MITM attack, including RSA tokens and other hardware tokens. Basically, if I set up a website, for example, to mimic your corporate portal, then you will enter all your details into my page, including your one-time pass code. I will forward them on to the real portal and do whatever I like logged in as you.
The one advantage is that I have to intercept every login attempt, and wait for you to login before I can gain access. Without a 2-factor system, once I've read your username/password combination I can login whenever I like. PhoneFactor would appear to mitigate some of this risk by doing the authentication out of band. However, there is still an attack vector for a MITM attack. In the same way as before, you login to my portal, I forward your credentials, PhoneFactor phone you and you put in your PIN, they enable my session! Obviously, there are other attack vectors as well.
Another potential issue is that you are charged for the phone calls made by PhoneFactor on your behalf. These can be significant costs. In the UK calls to landlines are free, but am I always at my desk when I want to log in? No, I'd want it on my mobile; that will cost me $0.23 per login (East Timor $3.25). So, I could rack up the bill for you company by getting them to call through to someone. If I do this enough times (especially if that person is on holiday in another country with higher charges) I can use up all your credit and none of your users can login.
There is a privacy issue as well. PhoneFactor will know every time you log in or access your bank, etc. How do they protect that data? Do you want them to know that information, even if you do trust they won't accidentally disclose it?
However, I am not against 2-factor authentication. Indeed I think it is a good thing, as users will choose poor passwords, reuse them everywhere and write them down. Similarly, they will give them away to phishing scams. 2-factor authentication removes all of those problems, but by no means is it absolutely secure. PhoneFactor seems OK, but it's not particularly cheap or phenomenally secure. There are some other good software solutions that are pretty cheap as well, and that can combat shoulder-surfing when entering PIN numbers, etc. There are a couple of examples on a blog post I did a couple of months ago: http://blog.rlr-uk.com/2009/06/user-friendly-multi-factor.html
The bottom line is that they are more secure than username/password, but none of them are absolutely secure against all attacks.
I was also told that the PSTN and GSM networks are secure, so this is a good solution. I'm not sure I agree that PSTN and GSM networks have good security. Analogue PSTN is easy to listen in to with proximity and GSM can theoretically be cracked, and probably will be within 6 to 12 months. So that PIN number isn't really secure. Plus there is the cloned SIM card problem as well.
http://www.mobileindustryreview.com/2009/08/gsm-encryption-can-be-cracked-for-500.html
Having said that, PhoneFactor looks quite good as you enter the PIN on the phone line, not the login dialogue. The problem that Bruce Schneier has referred to is that of a Man-in-the-Middle attack. Most 2-factor authentication methods are susceptible to a MITM attack, including RSA tokens and other hardware tokens. Basically, if I set up a website, for example, to mimic your corporate portal, then you will enter all your details into my page, including your one-time pass code. I will forward them on to the real portal and do whatever I like logged in as you.
The one advantage is that I have to intercept every login attempt, and wait for you to login before I can gain access. Without a 2-factor system, once I've read your username/password combination I can login whenever I like. PhoneFactor would appear to mitigate some of this risk by doing the authentication out of band. However, there is still an attack vector for a MITM attack. In the same way as before, you login to my portal, I forward your credentials, PhoneFactor phone you and you put in your PIN, they enable my session! Obviously, there are other attack vectors as well.
Another potential issue is that you are charged for the phone calls made by PhoneFactor on your behalf. These can be significant costs. In the UK calls to landlines are free, but am I always at my desk when I want to log in? No, I'd want it on my mobile; that will cost me $0.23 per login (East Timor $3.25). So, I could rack up the bill for you company by getting them to call through to someone. If I do this enough times (especially if that person is on holiday in another country with higher charges) I can use up all your credit and none of your users can login.
There is a privacy issue as well. PhoneFactor will know every time you log in or access your bank, etc. How do they protect that data? Do you want them to know that information, even if you do trust they won't accidentally disclose it?
However, I am not against 2-factor authentication. Indeed I think it is a good thing, as users will choose poor passwords, reuse them everywhere and write them down. Similarly, they will give them away to phishing scams. 2-factor authentication removes all of those problems, but by no means is it absolutely secure. PhoneFactor seems OK, but it's not particularly cheap or phenomenally secure. There are some other good software solutions that are pretty cheap as well, and that can combat shoulder-surfing when entering PIN numbers, etc. There are a couple of examples on a blog post I did a couple of months ago: http://blog.rlr-uk.com/2009/06/user-friendly-multi-factor.html
The bottom line is that they are more secure than username/password, but none of them are absolutely secure against all attacks.
PhoneFactor now allows voice authentication.
ReplyDeleteThis is a bit higher maintenance, but probably more secure.